Tài liệu A Citizen''''''''s Guide to Ecology ppt

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OXFORD
Oxford
New
York
Auckland
Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town
Chennai Dares Salaam Delhi
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Kong Istanbul
Karachi
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Mexico
City Mumbai Nairobi
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Paulo Shanghai
Taipei Tokyo
Toronto
Copyright
©
2003
by
Lawrence
B.
Slobodkin
Published
by
Oxford University Press, Inc.
198
Madison Avenue,
New
York,
New
York
10016
www.oup.com
Oxford
is a
registered trademark
of
Oxford
University Press
All
rights reserved.
No
part
of
this
publication
may be
reproduced,
stored
in a
retrieval system,
or
transmitted,
in any
form
or by any
means,
electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording,
or
otherwise,
without
the
prior permission
of
Oxford University Press.
Library
of
Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Slobodkin, Lawrence
B.
A
citizen's guide
to
ecology
/
by
Lawrence
B.
Slobodkin.
p.
cm.
Includes bibliographical references
and
index.
ISBN
0-19-516286-2
(cl.)
—0-19-516287-0
(pbk.)
1.
Ecology.
2.
Nature—Effect
of
human beings
on. I.
Title.
QH541.S54
2003
577—dc21
2002072826
987654321
Printed
in the
United States
of
America
on
recycled,
acid-free
paper
07489615-E590-4818-BC90-6291485A6F9B
To
Yan, Mathew
and
Liaht
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07489615-E590-4818-BC90-6291485A6F9B
Contents
Acknowledgments
ix
Introduction
3
Defining
Ecology
3
Changes
5
Why
Another
Ecology
Book?
12
Who Are
Ecologists?
22
1 THE BIG
PICTURE
33
Water
and
Energy:
Life's
Necessities
33
The
Origin
of
Life
and of
Atmospheric Oxygen
43
Big
Systems
52.
Lakes
52
Lakes
Through
the
Seasons
60
Oceans
73
Dry
Land
81
How
Independent
Are
Ecological Systems?
95
2 HOW DO
SPECIES
SURVIVE?
101
Populations
101
Individuals
and
Populations
115
Species
Diversity
127
Species
Extinction
139
Are All
Invasive Species
Villains?
144
3 TWO
MAJOR
CURRENT
PROBLEMS
155
Global
Warming
and
Endangered
Species
155
What
Can Be
Done About Global Warming?
156
Protecting Endangered Species
166
07489615-E590-4818-BC90-6291485A6F9B
APPLYING
ECOLOGY
177
Experts,
Pseudoexperts,
and How to
Tell
Them Apart
177
The
Importance
of
Being Natural
and
Vegetarian
189
Medicine
and
Ecology
as
"Health"
Sciences
195
Conclusions
205
Appendix
213
References
215
Index
231
4
07489615-E590-4818-BC90-6291485A6F9B
Acknowledgments
My
wife,
Tamara,
and
daughter, Naomi,
put up
with
me
during
endless writing
and
rewriting.
My
colleague Manuel Lerdau provided important criticism.
I
also
tried
out
other ideas
on
Stony Brook colleagues, particu-
larly
Dan
Dykhuizen, Mike
Bell,
Charles Janson,
Lev
Ginzburg,
Jessica
Gurevitch,
and
Geeta Bharathan.
Doug Futuyama,
Yossi
Loya,
Rob
Colwell,
Uzi
Ritte, Rosina
Bierbaum,
Phil Dustan, Scott Person,
and
Conrad Istock
are
among
my
former
doctoral students
who
taught
me
more than
I
taught them.
Since
1947,
my
friend
Fred Smith
of
Woods Hole
has
pro-
vided
wisdom.
The
late Evelyn Hutchinson
of
Yale
demonstrated
to me
that
ecology
is
worth
a
life's
effort.
Kirk
Jensen
has
provided important, patient criticism
and
encouragement well beyond
the
usual role
of an
editor.
I
have omitted
the
names
of
many other people
who
have
been important
in my
life.
A
list
of who
they
are and
what
I
learned
from
each
of
them
would
be a
thicker
book
than
this
one.
I ask
their indulgence.
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07489615-E590-4818-BC90-6291485A6F9B
A
Citizen's Guide
to
Ecology
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Introduction
DEFINING ECOLOGY
Ecology studies interactions among organisms
and
between
or-
ganisms
and
their environment
in
nature
and is
also concerned
with
the
effects
that organisms have
on the
inanimate environ-
ment.
It is
concerned with
not
only what kind
of air a
species
must have
but
also what
effect
that species
has on the
air.
This
book
is not an
elementary ecology textbook.
A
textbook
would
be
longer
and
more didactic. Ideally
it
would present
a
survey
of
what
is
being done
by the
7,600
members
of the
American
Ecological Society
and
their students
and
collabora-
tors,
and it
would prepare students
for
more advanced, special-
ized books covering
one or
more
of the
sixteen subdivisions
of
the
science
of
ecology that
are
listed
by the
society.
This
book
is
simply
a
description
of
what happens
outdoors
today.
What
has
been happening outdoors
for the
past billion
or
so
years?
Has it
changed much
and is it
likely
to
change
further?
How do you and I fit
into
the
changes
and the
constancies?
I
have
two
goals.
One is to
enhance appreciation
of the
pleas-
ure and
beauty
to be found in
nature. Another goal
is to
help
in-
dividual
citizens understand
the
real
and
unreal assertions about
existing problems
and
impending disasters
in
nature.
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